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Dàn nhạc Tuồng (Hát Bội) ![]() ![]() B. ORCHERSTRA OF CLASICAL OPERA TUỒNG (BỘI SINGING) Orchestra of Boi singing is composed of Chien drum, Chap Choa cymbal, Dan Co (or Nhi) fiddle, Ken and Sao (Tran Van Khai, Nghe thuat San khau Viet Nam -Vietnamese theatrical Art), Khai Tri bookstore, Saigon, 1970). Before studying the orchestra of Boi singing, we would like to describe briefly Chau Drum Chau drum: is a big drum placed on a 3-legged cask. It has nothing to do with the opera, but is performed by the audience to give their comments on the performance. The appropriate comment of the person who plays Chau is an encouragement for the artists to perform better. A proper gesture, an excellent singing or a good saying is also rewarded. A fairly good performance, for example, is rewarded with a "thung" (beat on the middle of the drum surface). If the performance is a little bit better, it is rewarded with 2 beats called "Chau doi" (double Chau). If the performance is excellent, it is rewarded with 3 beats called "Chau ba" (triple Chau). A good Chau player only plays after the singers finishes a sentence of Loi, Nam, Khach, Ngam, Ly, etc., not when they have just opened the mouth, which can only make them annoyed instead of happy. Besides, Chau is also played to reward an experienced excellent artist. It should not be played with loud sounds since that may annoy the audience. When the player wants to punish a performer for his/her improper gesture or bad singing, he beats on the edge of the drum surface to create "tang" sound instead of "thung" so that the performer will be ashamed and try to perform better. Severe mistakes will receive a "cắc" (made by a beat on the frame). Chau also has the function of urging the audience. Before the perfomance about 15 minutes, Chau ba is usually played to urge them to settle their seats. An orchestra of Boi singing consists of : 1- Chien drum: was used in the battle as well as in singing and dance. It was used more often than any other drum. The person who played Chien was considered "the instructor" of the orchestra of Boi singing. 2- Cai drum: is a small drum used to signal the actor or actress to switch to talking or Nam singing with its 3 beats. 3- Com drum: is a long drum used to accompany Nam Xuan and Nam Ai singings together with other lutes. 4- Bat cau drum: together with Chap Choa, it was used in a great audience or after a Tuong performance. 5- Linh drum: there were 2 Linh in the compartment, used when when the king began a great audience or at the beginning of a Tuong performance. 6- Chieng: was hung in a stand, it function was to accompany together with Trong Chien. People used two bamboo or wooden pieces called a pair of "Sanh" to play. 7- Lutes: the leading lute in Boi singing is Co (or Nhi) fiddle. Next is Gao (or Ho), Kim (Nguyet), Tam, Sen. Later Guitar has also included but it seems that it is not suitable for Boi singing. So Tranh should be used instead. 8- Ken and Flute (Sao): Ken is executed in Khach singing or make a transition between 2 Nam sentences. Sao is used to accompany Nam or Khach singing by actresses.
Trước khi
nghiên cứu về Dàn nhạc Hát Bội, tưởng nên sơ lược về Trống
Chầu:
Trống
Chầu:
1-Trống
Chiến:
2-Trống
Cái:
3-Trống
Cơm:
4-Trống Bát cấu: sử dụng cùng với Chập Chõa khi các quan ra lâm triều hoặc khi vãn hát để ra hiệu . 5-Trống Lịnh: có hai cái treo trong buồng dùng trong khi vua ra đại triều hoặc lúc Tuồng mới khởi diễn. 6-Chiêng: Chiêng treo dưới cái giá để phụ họa với Trống Chiến, người đánh Chiêng dùng hai miếng tre hoặc hai miếng cây gọi là cặp "Sanh" để đánh Chiêng. 7-Ðàn: Ðàn chính trong điệu Hát Bội là Ðàn Cò (Nhị), kế đến đến Ðàn Gáo (Ðàn Hồ), Ðàn Kìm (Nguyệt), Ðàn Tam, Ðàn Sến. Sau này có thêm Ghi-Ta nhưng nghe không hạp với Hát Bội, tốt hơn là sử dụng Ðàn Tranh thay thế cho Ghi-Ta. 8-Kèn và Sáo: Kèn sử dụng khi điệu Hát Khách hoặc để gợi cảm giữa hai câu Hát Nam. Sáo để phụ họa cho đàn khi Hát Nam hay Hát Khách (giọng nữ). Nếu có hát giọng Hồ Quảng thì thêm cây "Củn" để đưa Hơi Quảng. |